Edit count of the user (user_editcount) | null |
Name of the user account (user_name) | '200.125.52.126' |
Age of the user account (user_age) | 0 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups) | [
0 => '*'
] |
Rights that the user has (user_rights) | [
0 => 'createaccount',
1 => 'read',
2 => 'edit',
3 => 'createtalk',
4 => 'writeapi',
5 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
6 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
7 => 'editmyoptions',
8 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
9 => 'urlshortener-create-url',
10 => 'centralauth-merge',
11 => 'abusefilter-view',
12 => 'abusefilter-log',
13 => 'vipsscaler-test'
] |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile) | false |
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app) | false |
Page ID (page_id) | 5688834 |
Page namespace (page_namespace) | 0 |
Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Megalopolis' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Megalopolis' |
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit) | [] |
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors) | [
0 => 'Yoshi24517',
1 => '200.125.52.126',
2 => 'Dronebogus',
3 => 'Halfadaniel',
4 => '204.2.36.253',
5 => 'Keystone18',
6 => '136.50.183.116',
7 => 'Beland',
8 => 'Pickersgill-Cunliffe',
9 => '2A01:B747:131:344:54E9:576C:F1D3:B84D'
] |
Page age in seconds (page_age) | 563383986 |
Action (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary) | 'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa' |
Time since last page edit in seconds (page_last_edit_age) | 99 |
Old content model (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Grouping of neighbouring metropolises}}
{{Redirect|Supercity||Super City (disambiguation){{!}}Super City}}
{{Other uses}}
{{use mdy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{World city population tables}}
[[File:2014 NASA Earth Observatory image of Pearl River Delta.jpg|thumb|A satellite image of the [[Pearl River Delta]] area in [[China]]]]
A '''megalopolis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|g|ə|ˈ|l|ɒ|p|ə|l|ɪ|s}}) or a '''supercity''',<ref name="Fielder76">{{cite book |author=Fielder, W. & Feeney, Georgiana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk7CYxsb8jcC |title=Inquiring about Cities |date=1976 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston (Georg Von Holtzbrinck/Holt) |isbn=9780030897849 |location=New York, N.Y. |pages=193, 299 |language=en |access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref> also called a '''megaregion''',<ref name="Hagler2009America2050">{{cite web |author=Hagler, Yoav |date=November 2009 |title=Defining U.S. Megaregions |url=https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/rpa-org/pdfs/2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf |access-date=February 19, 2022 |work=[[America 2050]] |via=RPA.org |quote=As metropolitan regions continued to expand throughout the second half of the 20th century their boundaries began to blur, creating a new scale of geography now known as the megaregion. Interlocking economic systems, shared natural resources and ecosystems, and common transportation systems link these... The challenge of identifying... emerging regions has been undertaken... The most recent iteration... has been developed by Regional Plan Association (RPA) in partnership with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Eleven such megaregions have been identified... that would make cooperative integrated planning advantageous... Th[e] tradition of geographers and planners attempting to enhance the value of geographic definitions to meet the needs of new generations continued with the first identification of a scale larger than the metro regions by French geographer Jean Gottmann in his 1961 book ''Megalopolis''. This “Megalopolis” referred specifically to the Northeastern United States ... Regional Plan Association also identified this emerging Northeast Megaregion in the 1960s.}}</ref> is a group of [[metropolitan area]]s which are perceived as a continuous urban area through common systems of transport, economy, resources, ecology, and so on.<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> They are integrated enough that coordinating policy is valuable, although the constituent [[metropolis]]es keep their individual identities.<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> The megalopolis concept has become highly influential as it introduced a new, larger scale thinking about urban patterns and growth.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Caves, R.W.| year=2004|title=Encyclopedia of the City|page=456| location = Abingdon-on-Thames | publisher=[[Routledge]] ([[Informa]]/[[Taylor & Francis]] | isbn=9780415252256| quote = }}</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}
==Etymology and earlier definitions==
The term has specific geographic definitions dating from 1832, when its meaning was ''"a metropolis,"'' that is, "a very large, heavily populated urban complex".
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, [[Jean Gottmann]], a professor of political science at the [[University of Paris]] and member of the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] at [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], directed "A Study of Megalopolis" for [[The Twentieth Century Fund]], wherein he described a megalopolis as a "world of ideas". Gottmann, in his extensive studies, applied the term megalopolis to an analysis of the urbanized northeastern seaboard of the U.S., in particular from [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] to [[Washington, D.C.]] (the [[Northeast megalopolis]]).
==Modern definitions==
[[File:Megalopolis.png|thumb|[[Northeast megalopolis]] ([[United States]]) (top) and [[Taiheiyō Belt]] ([[Japan]]) (bottom)]]
A megalopolis may also be called a megaregion. "Megalopolis" and other similar terms have been used by different scholars and countries to describe similar spatial forms.
A megalopolis, following the work of Gottmann, refers to two or more roughly adjacent [[metropolitan area]]s that, through a commonality of systems—e.g., of transport, economy, resources, and ecologies—experience a blurring of the boundaries between the population centers,<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> such that while some degree of separation may remain, their perception as a continuous urban area is of value, e.g., "to coordinate policy at this expanded scale".<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> Simply put, a megalopolis (or a megaregion<ref name = bnet>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnet.com/2403-13070_23-192951.html |title=Who's Your City?: What Is a Megaregion? |date=19 March 2008 |access-date=5 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612093053/http://www.bnet.com/2403-13070_23-192951.html |archive-date=12 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) is a clustered network of big cities. Gottmann defined its population as 25 million,<ref>{{cite book |last=Gottmann |first=Jean |title=Since Megalopolis. The Urban Writings of Jean Gottmann |year=1989 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore and London |page=163 }}</ref> while Doxiadis defined a small megalopolis a similar cluster with a population of about 10 million.<ref name = bnet/><ref name="Doxiodis">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842940,00.html |title=Cities: Capital for the New Megalopolis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827193412/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842940,00.html |archive-date=27 August 2013 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=4 November 1966 |access-date=19 July 2010 }}</ref> America 2050,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.america2050.org/about.html |title=About Us |publisher=America 2050 |access-date=5 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006060844/http://www.america2050.org/about.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a program of the Regional Plan Association (RPA), lists 11 megaregions in the United States and [[Canada]].
[[Megaregions of the United States]] were explored in a July 2005 report by Robert E. Lang and Dawn Dhavale of the Metropolitan Institute at [[Virginia Tech]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mi.vt.edu/uploads/megacensusreport.pdf |title=Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America's New "Megapolitan" Geography |date=July 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327033216/http://www.mi.vt.edu/uploads/megacensusreport.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-27 }}</ref> A later 2007 article by Lang and Nelson uses 20 "megapolitan" areas grouped into 10 megaregions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP171/Readings2/Megapolitans.pdf |title=America 2040: The Rise of the Megapolitans |date=January 2007 |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724065051/http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP171/Readings2/Megapolitans.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The concept is based on the original "Megalopolis model".<ref name="Doxiodis" />
Modern interlinked ground [[transportation corridor]]s, such as rail and highway, often aid in the development of megalopolises. Using these commuter passageways to travel throughout the megalopolis is informally called ''megaloping'', a term coined by Davide Gadren and Stefan Berteau.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2007/05/31/fumbling-toward-portland |title=Fumbling Toward Portland |last=Tremble |first=Sam |date=30 May 2007 |work=Philadelphia City Paper |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707005527/http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2007/05/31/fumbling-toward-portland |archive-date=7 July 2009 }}</ref>
In Brazil, the term {{lang|pt-BR|megarregião}} has a legal meaning, different from the English word ''megaregion'': [[mesoregions of Brazil]] ({{lang|pt-BR|mesorregião}}) and [[microregions of Brazil]] ({{lang|pt-BR|microrregião}}).
In [[China]], the official term corresponding to the meaning of "megalopolis" is '{{lang|zh-CN|城市群}}' ({{lang|zh-Latn|chéngshì qún}}), which, in Chinese, was originally coined by Yao Shimou and literally means "city cluster".<ref name="XU Xueqiang">{{Cite book |author=许学强 (XU Xueqiang) 周一星 (ZHOU Yixing) 宁越敏(NING Yuemin)|title=城市地理学|trans-title=Urban Geography|edition=第二版 (2nd ed.)|year=2009|publisher=高等教育出版社|isbn=978-7-04-025539-3|language=zh-cn|pages=27–28}}</ref> A "city cluster" is defined as "[a]n area in which cities are relatively densely distributed in a certain region". In an older standard, the term was mistranslated as "[[urban area|agglomeration]]".<ref>''Standard for basic terminology of urban planning ([[Guobiao standards|GB]]/T 50280—98)'', 1998. "2.0.8 城市群 agglomeration 一定地域内城市分布较为密集的地区。"</ref><ref name="XU Xueqiang"/> In 2019, [[National Development and Reform Commission]] (NDRC) published guidelines and made a distinction from a similar concept "[[metropolitan area]]" ({{lang|zh-CN|都市圈}}), which is of a smaller [[scale (geography)|scale]] than a city cluster.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/201902/t20190221_962397.html |title=国家发展改革委关于培育发展现代化都市圈的指导意见|trans-title=Guidelines on the Cultivation and Development of Modern Metropolitan Areas |publisher=[[National Development and Reform Commission]] |date=19 February 2019 |language=zh-cn}}</ref> In the latest standard terminologies of both economics<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.termonline.cn/word/1275259265472282635/1#s1 |title=城市群 |trans-title=city cluster |publisher=Termonline |year=2020}}</ref> and urban planning,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.termonline.cn/word/1401822220099047427/1#s1 |title=城市群 |trans-title=city cluster |publisher=Termonline |year=2021}}</ref> {{lang|zh-CN|城市群}} is translated as "city cluster", replacing "agglomeration". [[Megalopolises in China]] have become the subject of national government planning.
==List of megalopolises==
{{Main|List of megalopolises}}
==In popular culture==
===Judge Dredd===
In the ''[[Judge Dredd]]'' (1977) comic book series and its spinoff series, [[Mega-City One]] is a huge fictional megalopolis-size [[city-state]] covering much of what is now the [[Eastern United States]] and some of [[Canada]]. The exact geography of the city depends on which writer and artist has done which story, but from its first appearance it has been associated with [[New York City]]'s [[urban sprawl]]; originally it was presented as a future New York, which was [[retcon]]ned as the centre of a "Mega-City One" in the very next story.<ref>''2000 AD'' No. 2 and 3</ref> The ''[[Architects' Journal]]'' placed it at No. 1 in their list of "comic book cities".<ref>[http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/critics/top-10-comic-book-cities-1-mega-city-one/5204830.article Top 10 comic book cities: #1 Mega City One], ''[[Architects' Journal]]'', July 8, 2009</ref>
===Sprawl trilogy===
In [[William Gibson]]'s [[Sprawl trilogy]], "the Sprawl" is a colloquial name for the "[[Boston]]-[[Atlanta]] Metropolitan Axis" (BAMA), an [[urban sprawl]] environment on a massive scale, and a fictional extension of the real [[Northeast megalopolis]]. The Sprawl is a visualization of a future where virtually the entire East Coast of the [[United States]], from Boston to Atlanta, has melded into a single mass of [[urban sprawl]].<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Markoff |title=Ideas & Trends; Art Invents A Jarring New World From Technology |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7D8133FF936A15752C1A966958260 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 25, 1990 |access-date=2008-07-30 }}</ref> It has been enclosed in several [[geodesic dome]]s and merged into one [[megacity]]. The city has become a separate world with its own climate, no real night/day cycle, and an artificial sky that is always grey.
==Further reading==
* {{cite web | author = Hagler, Yoav | date = November 2009 | title = Defining U.S. Megaregions | work = [[America 2050]] | via = RPA.org | url =
https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/rpa-org/pdfs/2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf | access-date = February 19, 2022 | quote = }} This work, while dated, is from Associate Planner Yoav Hagler of [[America 2050]], and while not used as a source in this article, is one of the most focused articles available on the American aspects of the title subject. It includes history, methodology, and statistical and other criteria sections, and identifies the U.S. megaregions as of its publication date.
* {{cite web | author = [[America 2050]] Staff | date = February 19, 2022 | title = Megaregions | work = [[America 2050]] | via = RPA.org | format = homepage | url = http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html | url-status=dead | access-date = February 19, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516142109/http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html | archive-date=2017-05-16 | quote =}} Starting point for access to articles from the [[America 2050]] effort, while it was active. Note, an earlier cited article by Matt Taylor, on urban transit issues, appears among the works linked at this home page.
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Arcology]]
* [[Conurbation]]
* [[Ecumenopolis]]
* [[Ekistics]]
* Settlement types:
** [[Hamlet (place)|Hamlet]]
** [[Village]]
** [[Town]]
** [[City]]
** [[Metropolis]]
** [[Classification of inhabited localities in Russia]]
* [[Global city]]
* [[Merger (politics)]]
* [[Transborder agglomeration]]
* [[Urban area]]
* Developed environments:
** [[Exurb]]an
** [[Rural area|Rural]]
** [[Suburb]]an
** [[Urban area|Urban]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{wiktionary|megalopolis}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005WUP_DataTables11.pdf|title=World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 revision}}
{{Cities}}
{{Urban Planning}}
{{Urban pop list}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Megalopolis (City Type)}}
[[Category:Human habitats]]
[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]]
[[Category:City]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Grouping of neighbouring metropolises}}
{{Redirect|Supercity||Super City (disambiguation){{!}}Super City}}
{{Other uses}}
{{use mdy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{World city population tables}}
[[File:2014 NASA Earth Observatory image of Pearl River Delta.jpg|thumb|A satellite image of the [[Pearl River Delta]] area in [[China]]]]
A pene de la puta ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|g|ə|ˈ|l|ɒ|p|ə|l|ɪ|s}}) or a '''supercity''',<ref name="Fielder76">{{cite book |author=Fielder, W. & Feeney, Georgiana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk7CYxsb8jcC |title=Inquiring about Cities |date=1976 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston (Georg Von Holtzbrinck/Holt) |isbn=9780030897849 |location=New York, N.Y. |pages=193, 299 |language=en |access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref> also called a '''megaregion''',<ref name="Hagler2009America2050">{{cite web |author=Hagler, Yoav |date=November 2009 |title=Defining U.S. Megaregions |url=https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/rpa-org/pdfs/2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf |access-date=February 19, 2022 |work=[[America 2050]] |via=RPA.org |quote=As metropolitan regions continued to expand throughout the second half of the 20th century their boundaries began to blur, creating a new scale of geography now known as the megaregion. Interlocking economic systems, shared natural resources and ecosystems, and common transportation systems link these... The challenge of identifying... emerging regions has been undertaken... The most recent iteration... has been developed by Regional Plan Association (RPA) in partnership with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Eleven such megaregions have been identified... that would make cooperative integrated planning advantageous... Th[e] tradition of geographers and planners attempting to enhance the value of geographic definitions to meet the needs of new generations continued with the first identification of a scale larger than the metro regions by French geographer Jean Gottmann in his 1961 book ''Megalopolis''. This “Megalopolis” referred specifically to the Northeastern United States ... Regional Plan Association also identified this emerging Northeast Megaregion in the 1960s.}}</ref> is a group of [[metropolitan area]]s which are perceived as a continuous urban area through common systems of transport, economy, resources, ecology, and so on.<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> They are integrated enough that coordinating policy is valuable, although the constituent [[metropolis]]es keep their individual identities.<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> The megalopolis concept has become highly influential as it introduced a new, larger scale thinking about urban patterns and growth.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Caves, R.W.| year=2004|title=Encyclopedia of the City|page=456| location = Abingdon-on-Thames | publisher=[[Routledge]] ([[Informa]]/[[Taylor & Francis]] | isbn=9780415252256| quote = }}</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}
==Etymology and earlier definitions==
The term has specific geographic definitions dating from 1832, when its meaning was ''"a metropolis,"'' that is, "a very large, heavily populated urban complex".
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, [[Jean Gottmann]], a professor of political science at the [[University of Paris]] and member of the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] at [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], directed "A Study of Megalopolis" for [[The Twentieth Century Fund]], wherein he described a megalopolis as a "world of ideas". Gottmann, in his extensive studies, applied the term megalopolis to an analysis of the urbanized northeastern seaboard of the U.S., in particular from [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] to [[Washington, D.C.]] (the [[Northeast megalopolis]]).
==Modern definitions==
[[File:Megalopolis.png|thumb|[[Northeast megalopolis]] ([[United States]]) (top) and [[Taiheiyō Belt]] ([[Japan]]) (bottom)]]
A megalopolis may also be called a megaregion. "Megalopolis" and other similar terms have been used by different scholars and countries to describe similar spatial forms.
A megalopolis, following the work of Gottmann, refers to two or more roughly adjacent [[metropolitan area]]s that, through a commonality of systems—e.g., of transport, economy, resources, and ecologies—experience a blurring of the boundaries between the population centers,<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> such that while some degree of separation may remain, their perception as a continuous urban area is of value, e.g., "to coordinate policy at this expanded scale".<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> Simply put, a megalopolis (or a megaregion<ref name = bnet>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnet.com/2403-13070_23-192951.html |title=Who's Your City?: What Is a Megaregion? |date=19 March 2008 |access-date=5 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612093053/http://www.bnet.com/2403-13070_23-192951.html |archive-date=12 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) is a clustered network of big cities. Gottmann defined its population as 25 million,<ref>{{cite book |last=Gottmann |first=Jean |title=Since Megalopolis. The Urban Writings of Jean Gottmann |year=1989 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore and London |page=163 }}</ref> while Doxiadis defined a small megalopolis a similar cluster with a population of about 10 million.<ref name = bnet/><ref name="Doxiodis">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842940,00.html |title=Cities: Capital for the New Megalopolis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827193412/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842940,00.html |archive-date=27 August 2013 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=4 November 1966 |access-date=19 July 2010 }}</ref> America 2050,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.america2050.org/about.html |title=About Us |publisher=America 2050 |access-date=5 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006060844/http://www.america2050.org/about.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a program of the Regional Plan Association (RPA), lists 11 megaregions in the United States and [[Canada]].
[[Megaregions of the United States]] were explored in a July 2005 report by Robert E. Lang and Dawn Dhavale of the Metropolitan Institute at [[Virginia Tech]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mi.vt.edu/uploads/megacensusreport.pdf |title=Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America's New "Megapolitan" Geography |date=July 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327033216/http://www.mi.vt.edu/uploads/megacensusreport.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-27 }}</ref> A later 2007 article by Lang and Nelson uses 20 "megapolitan" areas grouped into 10 megaregions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP171/Readings2/Megapolitans.pdf |title=America 2040: The Rise of the Megapolitans |date=January 2007 |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724065051/http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP171/Readings2/Megapolitans.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The concept is based on the original "Megalopolis model".<ref name="Doxiodis" />
Modern interlinked ground [[transportation corridor]]s, such as rail and highway, often aid in the development of megalopolises. Using these commuter passageways to travel throughout the megalopolis is informally called ''megaloping'', a term coined by Davide Gadren and Stefan Berteau.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2007/05/31/fumbling-toward-portland |title=Fumbling Toward Portland |last=Tremble |first=Sam |date=30 May 2007 |work=Philadelphia City Paper |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707005527/http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2007/05/31/fumbling-toward-portland |archive-date=7 July 2009 }}</ref>
In Brazil, the term {{lang|pt-BR|megarregião}} has a legal meaning, different from the English word ''megaregion'': [[mesoregions of Brazil]] ({{lang|pt-BR|mesorregião}}) and [[microregions of Brazil]] ({{lang|pt-BR|microrregião}}).
In [[China]], the official term corresponding to the meaning of "megalopolis" is '{{lang|zh-CN|城市群}}' ({{lang|zh-Latn|chéngshì qún}}), which, in Chinese, was originally coined by Yao Shimou and literally means "city cluster".<ref name="XU Xueqiang">{{Cite book |author=许学强 (XU Xueqiang) 周一星 (ZHOU Yixing) 宁越敏(NING Yuemin)|title=城市地理学|trans-title=Urban Geography|edition=第二版 (2nd ed.)|year=2009|publisher=高等教育出版社|isbn=978-7-04-025539-3|language=zh-cn|pages=27–28}}</ref> A "city cluster" is defined as "[a]n area in which cities are relatively densely distributed in a certain region". In an older standard, the term was mistranslated as "[[urban area|agglomeration]]".<ref>''Standard for basic terminology of urban planning ([[Guobiao standards|GB]]/T 50280—98)'', 1998. "2.0.8 城市群 agglomeration 一定地域内城市分布较为密集的地区。"</ref><ref name="XU Xueqiang"/> In 2019, [[National Development and Reform Commission]] (NDRC) published guidelines and made a distinction from a similar concept "[[metropolitan area]]" ({{lang|zh-CN|都市圈}}), which is of a smaller [[scale (geography)|scale]] than a city cluster.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/201902/t20190221_962397.html |title=国家发展改革委关于培育发展现代化都市圈的指导意见|trans-title=Guidelines on the Cultivation and Development of Modern Metropolitan Areas |publisher=[[National Development and Reform Commission]] |date=19 February 2019 |language=zh-cn}}</ref> In the latest standard terminologies of both economics<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.termonline.cn/word/1275259265472282635/1#s1 |title=城市群 |trans-title=city cluster |publisher=Termonline |year=2020}}</ref> and urban planning,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.termonline.cn/word/1401822220099047427/1#s1 |title=城市群 |trans-title=city cluster |publisher=Termonline |year=2021}}</ref> {{lang|zh-CN|城市群}} is translated as "city cluster", replacing "agglomeration". [[Megalopolises in China]] have become the subject of national government planning.
==List of megalopolises==
{{Main|List of megalopolises}}
==In popular culture==
===Judge Dredd===
In the ''[[Judge Dredd]]'' (1977) comic book series and its spinoff series, [[Mega-City One]] is a huge fictional megalopolis-size [[city-state]] covering much of what is now the [[Eastern United States]] and some of [[Canada]]. The exact geography of the city depends on which writer and artist has done which story, but from its first appearance it has been associated with [[New York City]]'s [[urban sprawl]]; originally it was presented as a future New York, which was [[retcon]]ned as the centre of a "Mega-City One" in the very next story.<ref>''2000 AD'' No. 2 and 3</ref> The ''[[Architects' Journal]]'' placed it at No. 1 in their list of "comic book cities".<ref>[http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/critics/top-10-comic-book-cities-1-mega-city-one/5204830.article Top 10 comic book cities: #1 Mega City One], ''[[Architects' Journal]]'', July 8, 2009</ref>
===Sprawl trilogy===
In [[William Gibson]]'s [[Sprawl trilogy]], "the Sprawl" is a colloquial name for the "[[Boston]]-[[Atlanta]] Metropolitan Axis" (BAMA), an [[urban sprawl]] environment on a massive scale, and a fictional extension of the real [[Northeast megalopolis]]. The Sprawl is a visualization of a future where virtually the entire East Coast of the [[United States]], from Boston to Atlanta, has melded into a single mass of [[urban sprawl]].<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Markoff |title=Ideas & Trends; Art Invents A Jarring New World From Technology |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7D8133FF936A15752C1A966958260 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 25, 1990 |access-date=2008-07-30 }}</ref> It has been enclosed in several [[geodesic dome]]s and merged into one [[megacity]]. The city has become a separate world with its own climate, no real night/day cycle, and an artificial sky that is always grey.
==Further reading==
* {{cite web | author = Hagler, Yoav | date = November 2009 | title = Defining U.S. Megaregions | work = [[America 2050]] | via = RPA.org | url =
https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/rpa-org/pdfs/2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf | access-date = February 19, 2022 | quote = }} This work, while dated, is from Associate Planner Yoav Hagler of [[America 2050]], and while not used as a source in this article, is one of the most focused articles available on the American aspects of the title subject. It includes history, methodology, and statistical and other criteria sections, and identifies the U.S. megaregions as of its publication date.
* {{cite web | author = [[America 2050]] Staff | date = February 19, 2022 | title = Megaregions | work = [[America 2050]] | via = RPA.org | format = homepage | url = http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html | url-status=dead | access-date = February 19, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516142109/http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html | archive-date=2017-05-16 | quote =}} Starting point for access to articles from the [[America 2050]] effort, while it was active. Note, an earlier cited article by Matt Taylor, on urban transit issues, appears among the works linked at this home page.
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Arcology]]
* [[Conurbation]]
* [[Ecumenopolis]]
* [[Ekistics]]
* Settlement types:
** [[Hamlet (place)|Hamlet]]
** [[Village]]
** [[Town]]
** [[City]]
** [[Metropolis]]
** [[Classification of inhabited localities in Russia]]
* [[Global city]]
* [[Merger (politics)]]
* [[Transborder agglomeration]]
* [[Urban area]]
* Developed environments:
** [[Exurb]]an
** [[Rural area|Rural]]
** [[Suburb]]an
** [[Urban area|Urban]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{wiktionary|megalopolis}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005WUP_DataTables11.pdf|title=World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 revision}}
{{Cities}}
{{Urban Planning}}
{{Urban pop list}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Megalopolis (City Type)}}
[[Category:Human habitats]]
[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]]
[[Category:City]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@
{{World city population tables}}
[[File:2014 NASA Earth Observatory image of Pearl River Delta.jpg|thumb|A satellite image of the [[Pearl River Delta]] area in [[China]]]]
-A '''megalopolis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|g|ə|ˈ|l|ɒ|p|ə|l|ɪ|s}}) or a '''supercity''',<ref name="Fielder76">{{cite book |author=Fielder, W. & Feeney, Georgiana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk7CYxsb8jcC |title=Inquiring about Cities |date=1976 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston (Georg Von Holtzbrinck/Holt) |isbn=9780030897849 |location=New York, N.Y. |pages=193, 299 |language=en |access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref> also called a '''megaregion''',<ref name="Hagler2009America2050">{{cite web |author=Hagler, Yoav |date=November 2009 |title=Defining U.S. Megaregions |url=https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/rpa-org/pdfs/2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf |access-date=February 19, 2022 |work=[[America 2050]] |via=RPA.org |quote=As metropolitan regions continued to expand throughout the second half of the 20th century their boundaries began to blur, creating a new scale of geography now known as the megaregion. Interlocking economic systems, shared natural resources and ecosystems, and common transportation systems link these... The challenge of identifying... emerging regions has been undertaken... The most recent iteration... has been developed by Regional Plan Association (RPA) in partnership with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Eleven such megaregions have been identified... that would make cooperative integrated planning advantageous... Th[e] tradition of geographers and planners attempting to enhance the value of geographic definitions to meet the needs of new generations continued with the first identification of a scale larger than the metro regions by French geographer Jean Gottmann in his 1961 book ''Megalopolis''. This “Megalopolis” referred specifically to the Northeastern United States ... Regional Plan Association also identified this emerging Northeast Megaregion in the 1960s.}}</ref> is a group of [[metropolitan area]]s which are perceived as a continuous urban area through common systems of transport, economy, resources, ecology, and so on.<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> They are integrated enough that coordinating policy is valuable, although the constituent [[metropolis]]es keep their individual identities.<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> The megalopolis concept has become highly influential as it introduced a new, larger scale thinking about urban patterns and growth.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Caves, R.W.| year=2004|title=Encyclopedia of the City|page=456| location = Abingdon-on-Thames | publisher=[[Routledge]] ([[Informa]]/[[Taylor & Francis]] | isbn=9780415252256| quote = }}</ref>
+A pene de la puta ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|g|ə|ˈ|l|ɒ|p|ə|l|ɪ|s}}) or a '''supercity''',<ref name="Fielder76">{{cite book |author=Fielder, W. & Feeney, Georgiana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk7CYxsb8jcC |title=Inquiring about Cities |date=1976 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston (Georg Von Holtzbrinck/Holt) |isbn=9780030897849 |location=New York, N.Y. |pages=193, 299 |language=en |access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref> also called a '''megaregion''',<ref name="Hagler2009America2050">{{cite web |author=Hagler, Yoav |date=November 2009 |title=Defining U.S. Megaregions |url=https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/rpa-org/pdfs/2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf |access-date=February 19, 2022 |work=[[America 2050]] |via=RPA.org |quote=As metropolitan regions continued to expand throughout the second half of the 20th century their boundaries began to blur, creating a new scale of geography now known as the megaregion. Interlocking economic systems, shared natural resources and ecosystems, and common transportation systems link these... The challenge of identifying... emerging regions has been undertaken... The most recent iteration... has been developed by Regional Plan Association (RPA) in partnership with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Eleven such megaregions have been identified... that would make cooperative integrated planning advantageous... Th[e] tradition of geographers and planners attempting to enhance the value of geographic definitions to meet the needs of new generations continued with the first identification of a scale larger than the metro regions by French geographer Jean Gottmann in his 1961 book ''Megalopolis''. This “Megalopolis” referred specifically to the Northeastern United States ... Regional Plan Association also identified this emerging Northeast Megaregion in the 1960s.}}</ref> is a group of [[metropolitan area]]s which are perceived as a continuous urban area through common systems of transport, economy, resources, ecology, and so on.<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> They are integrated enough that coordinating policy is valuable, although the constituent [[metropolis]]es keep their individual identities.<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> The megalopolis concept has become highly influential as it introduced a new, larger scale thinking about urban patterns and growth.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Caves, R.W.| year=2004|title=Encyclopedia of the City|page=456| location = Abingdon-on-Thames | publisher=[[Routledge]] ([[Informa]]/[[Taylor & Francis]] | isbn=9780415252256| quote = }}</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}
' |
New page size (new_size) | 14290 |
Old page size (old_size) | 14292 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | -2 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => 'A pene de la puta ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|g|ə|ˈ|l|ɒ|p|ə|l|ɪ|s}}) or a '''supercity''',<ref name="Fielder76">{{cite book |author=Fielder, W. & Feeney, Georgiana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk7CYxsb8jcC |title=Inquiring about Cities |date=1976 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston (Georg Von Holtzbrinck/Holt) |isbn=9780030897849 |location=New York, N.Y. |pages=193, 299 |language=en |access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref> also called a '''megaregion''',<ref name="Hagler2009America2050">{{cite web |author=Hagler, Yoav |date=November 2009 |title=Defining U.S. Megaregions |url=https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/rpa-org/pdfs/2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf |access-date=February 19, 2022 |work=[[America 2050]] |via=RPA.org |quote=As metropolitan regions continued to expand throughout the second half of the 20th century their boundaries began to blur, creating a new scale of geography now known as the megaregion. Interlocking economic systems, shared natural resources and ecosystems, and common transportation systems link these... The challenge of identifying... emerging regions has been undertaken... The most recent iteration... has been developed by Regional Plan Association (RPA) in partnership with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Eleven such megaregions have been identified... that would make cooperative integrated planning advantageous... Th[e] tradition of geographers and planners attempting to enhance the value of geographic definitions to meet the needs of new generations continued with the first identification of a scale larger than the metro regions by French geographer Jean Gottmann in his 1961 book ''Megalopolis''. This “Megalopolis” referred specifically to the Northeastern United States ... Regional Plan Association also identified this emerging Northeast Megaregion in the 1960s.}}</ref> is a group of [[metropolitan area]]s which are perceived as a continuous urban area through common systems of transport, economy, resources, ecology, and so on.<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> They are integrated enough that coordinating policy is valuable, although the constituent [[metropolis]]es keep their individual identities.<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> The megalopolis concept has become highly influential as it introduced a new, larger scale thinking about urban patterns and growth.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Caves, R.W.| year=2004|title=Encyclopedia of the City|page=456| location = Abingdon-on-Thames | publisher=[[Routledge]] ([[Informa]]/[[Taylor & Francis]] | isbn=9780415252256| quote = }}</ref>'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => 'A '''megalopolis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|g|ə|ˈ|l|ɒ|p|ə|l|ɪ|s}}) or a '''supercity''',<ref name="Fielder76">{{cite book |author=Fielder, W. & Feeney, Georgiana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk7CYxsb8jcC |title=Inquiring about Cities |date=1976 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston (Georg Von Holtzbrinck/Holt) |isbn=9780030897849 |location=New York, N.Y. |pages=193, 299 |language=en |access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref> also called a '''megaregion''',<ref name="Hagler2009America2050">{{cite web |author=Hagler, Yoav |date=November 2009 |title=Defining U.S. Megaregions |url=https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/rpa-org/pdfs/2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf |access-date=February 19, 2022 |work=[[America 2050]] |via=RPA.org |quote=As metropolitan regions continued to expand throughout the second half of the 20th century their boundaries began to blur, creating a new scale of geography now known as the megaregion. Interlocking economic systems, shared natural resources and ecosystems, and common transportation systems link these... The challenge of identifying... emerging regions has been undertaken... The most recent iteration... has been developed by Regional Plan Association (RPA) in partnership with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Eleven such megaregions have been identified... that would make cooperative integrated planning advantageous... Th[e] tradition of geographers and planners attempting to enhance the value of geographic definitions to meet the needs of new generations continued with the first identification of a scale larger than the metro regions by French geographer Jean Gottmann in his 1961 book ''Megalopolis''. This “Megalopolis” referred specifically to the Northeastern United States ... Regional Plan Association also identified this emerging Northeast Megaregion in the 1960s.}}</ref> is a group of [[metropolitan area]]s which are perceived as a continuous urban area through common systems of transport, economy, resources, ecology, and so on.<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> They are integrated enough that coordinating policy is valuable, although the constituent [[metropolis]]es keep their individual identities.<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> The megalopolis concept has become highly influential as it introduced a new, larger scale thinking about urban patterns and growth.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Caves, R.W.| year=2004|title=Encyclopedia of the City|page=456| location = Abingdon-on-Thames | publisher=[[Routledge]] ([[Informa]]/[[Taylor & Francis]] | isbn=9780415252256| quote = }}</ref>'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk7CYxsb8jcC',
1 => 'https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/rpa-org/pdfs/2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf',
2 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100612093053/http://www.bnet.com/2403-13070_23-192951.html',
3 => 'http://www.bnet.com/2403-13070_23-192951.html',
4 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130827193412/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842940,00.html',
5 => 'http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842940,00.html',
6 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141006060844/http://www.america2050.org/about.html',
7 => 'http://www.america2050.org/about.html',
8 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090327033216/http://www.mi.vt.edu/uploads/megacensusreport.pdf',
9 => 'http://www.mi.vt.edu/uploads/megacensusreport.pdf',
10 => 'http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP171/Readings2/Megapolitans.pdf',
11 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130724065051/http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP171/Readings2/Megapolitans.pdf',
12 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090707005527/http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2007/05/31/fumbling-toward-portland',
13 => 'http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2007/05/31/fumbling-toward-portland',
14 => 'https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/201902/t20190221_962397.html',
15 => 'https://www.termonline.cn/word/1275259265472282635/1#s1',
16 => 'https://www.termonline.cn/word/1401822220099047427/1#s1',
17 => 'http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/critics/top-10-comic-book-cities-1-mega-city-one/5204830.article',
18 => 'https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7D8133FF936A15752C1A966958260',
19 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170516142109/http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html',
20 => 'http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html',
21 => 'https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005WUP_DataTables11.pdf'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk7CYxsb8jcC',
1 => 'https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/rpa-org/pdfs/2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf',
2 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100612093053/http://www.bnet.com/2403-13070_23-192951.html',
3 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130827193412/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842940,00.html',
4 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141006060844/http://www.america2050.org/about.html',
5 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090327033216/http://www.mi.vt.edu/uploads/megacensusreport.pdf',
6 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130724065051/http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP171/Readings2/Megapolitans.pdf',
7 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090707005527/http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2007/05/31/fumbling-toward-portland',
8 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170516142109/http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html',
9 => 'http://www.bnet.com/2403-13070_23-192951.html',
10 => 'http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842940,00.html',
11 => 'http://www.america2050.org/about.html',
12 => 'http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html',
13 => 'http://www.mi.vt.edu/uploads/megacensusreport.pdf',
14 => 'http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP171/Readings2/Megapolitans.pdf',
15 => 'http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2007/05/31/fumbling-toward-portland',
16 => 'https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/201902/t20190221_962397.html',
17 => 'https://www.termonline.cn/word/1275259265472282635/1#s1',
18 => 'https://www.termonline.cn/word/1401822220099047427/1#s1',
19 => 'http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/critics/top-10-comic-book-cities-1-mega-city-one/5204830.article',
20 => 'https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7D8133FF936A15752C1A966958260',
21 => 'https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005WUP_DataTables11.pdf'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grouping of neighbouring metropolises</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Supercity" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Super_City_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Super City (disambiguation)">Super City</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Megalopolis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Megalopolis (disambiguation)">Megalopolis (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045330069">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Ekistics" title="Ekistics">Ekistics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January_(revised).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tokyo skyline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January_%28revised%29.jpg/230px-Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January_%28revised%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January_%28revised%29.jpg/345px-Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January_%28revised%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January_%28revised%29.jpg/460px-Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January_%28revised%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="1858" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Shinjuku" title="Shinjuku">Shinjuku</a> skyscrapers (foreground) and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a> (background) in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, the world's most populous city</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">List of largest cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population_density" title="List of cities proper by population density">List of cities proper by population density</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">Conurbation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Megalopolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_hierarchy" title="Settlement hierarchy">Settlement hierarchy</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">
<span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_city_population_sidebar" title="Template:World city population sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_city_population_sidebar" title="Template talk:World city population sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_city_population_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World city population sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_NASA_Earth_Observatory_image_of_Pearl_River_Delta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2014_NASA_Earth_Observatory_image_of_Pearl_River_Delta.jpg/220px-2014_NASA_Earth_Observatory_image_of_Pearl_River_Delta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2014_NASA_Earth_Observatory_image_of_Pearl_River_Delta.jpg/330px-2014_NASA_Earth_Observatory_image_of_Pearl_River_Delta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2014_NASA_Earth_Observatory_image_of_Pearl_River_Delta.jpg/440px-2014_NASA_Earth_Observatory_image_of_Pearl_River_Delta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5198" data-file-height="3465" /></a><figcaption>A satellite image of the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a> area in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>A pene de la puta (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or a <b>supercity</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fielder76_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fielder76-1">[1]</a></sup> also called a <b>megaregion</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hagler2009America2050_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagler2009America2050-2">[2]</a></sup> is a group of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan areas</a> which are perceived as a continuous urban area through common systems of transport, economy, resources, ecology, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagler2009America2050_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagler2009America2050-2">[2]</a></sup> They are integrated enough that coordinating policy is valuable, although the constituent <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolises</a> keep their individual identities.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagler2009America2050_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagler2009America2050-2">[2]</a></sup> The megalopolis concept has become highly influential as it introduced a new, larger scale thinking about urban patterns and growth.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology_and_earlier_definitions"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology and earlier definitions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Modern_definitions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Modern definitions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#List_of_megalopolises"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">List of megalopolises</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Judge_Dredd"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Judge Dredd</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Sprawl_trilogy"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sprawl trilogy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology_and_earlier_definitions">Etymology and earlier definitions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalopolis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and earlier definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The term has specific geographic definitions dating from 1832, when its meaning was <i>"a metropolis,"</i> that is, "a very large, heavily populated urban complex".
</p><p>In the late 1950s and early 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gottmann" title="Jean Gottmann">Jean Gottmann</a>, a professor of political science at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> at <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a>, directed "A Study of Megalopolis" for <a href="/wiki/The_Twentieth_Century_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twentieth Century Fund">The Twentieth Century Fund</a>, wherein he described a megalopolis as a "world of ideas". Gottmann, in his extensive studies, applied the term megalopolis to an analysis of the urbanized northeastern seaboard of the U.S., in particular from <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a>).
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_definitions">Modern definitions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalopolis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Megalopolis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Megalopolis.png/220px-Megalopolis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Megalopolis.png/330px-Megalopolis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Megalopolis.png/440px-Megalopolis.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>) (top) and <a href="/wiki/Taiheiy%C5%8D_Belt" title="Taiheiyō Belt">Taiheiyō Belt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>) (bottom)</figcaption></figure>
<p>A megalopolis may also be called a megaregion. "Megalopolis" and other similar terms have been used by different scholars and countries to describe similar spatial forms.
</p><p>A megalopolis, following the work of Gottmann, refers to two or more roughly adjacent <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan areas</a> that, through a commonality of systems—e.g., of transport, economy, resources, and ecologies—experience a blurring of the boundaries between the population centers,<sup id="cite_ref-Hagler2009America2050_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagler2009America2050-2">[2]</a></sup> such that while some degree of separation may remain, their perception as a continuous urban area is of value, e.g., "to coordinate policy at this expanded scale".<sup id="cite_ref-Hagler2009America2050_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagler2009America2050-2">[2]</a></sup> Simply put, a megalopolis (or a megaregion<sup id="cite_ref-bnet_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnet-4">[4]</a></sup>) is a clustered network of big cities. Gottmann defined its population as 25 million,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> while Doxiadis defined a small megalopolis a similar cluster with a population of about 10 million.<sup id="cite_ref-bnet_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnet-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doxiodis_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doxiodis-6">[6]</a></sup> America 2050,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> a program of the Regional Plan Association (RPA), lists 11 megaregions in the United States and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Megaregions_of_the_United_States" title="Megaregions of the United States">Megaregions of the United States</a> were explored in a July 2005 report by Robert E. Lang and Dawn Dhavale of the Metropolitan Institute at <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech">Virginia Tech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> A later 2007 article by Lang and Nelson uses 20 "megapolitan" areas grouped into 10 megaregions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> The concept is based on the original "Megalopolis model".<sup id="cite_ref-Doxiodis_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doxiodis-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Modern interlinked ground <a href="/wiki/Transportation_corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation corridor">transportation corridors</a>, such as rail and highway, often aid in the development of megalopolises. Using these commuter passageways to travel throughout the megalopolis is informally called <i>megaloping</i>, a term coined by Davide Gadren and Stefan Berteau.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Brazil, the term <span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">megarregião</i></span> has a legal meaning, different from the English word <i>megaregion</i>: <a href="/wiki/Mesoregions_of_Brazil" title="Mesoregions of Brazil">mesoregions of Brazil</a> (<span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">mesorregião</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Microregions_of_Brazil" title="Microregions of Brazil">microregions of Brazil</a> (<span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">microrregião</i></span>).
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the official term corresponding to the meaning of "megalopolis" is '<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">城市群</span></span>' (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">chéngshì qún</i></span>), which, in Chinese, was originally coined by Yao Shimou and literally means "city cluster".<sup id="cite_ref-XU_Xueqiang_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XU_Xueqiang-11">[11]</a></sup> A "city cluster" is defined as "[a]n area in which cities are relatively densely distributed in a certain region". In an older standard, the term was mistranslated as "<a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">agglomeration</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-XU_Xueqiang_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XU_Xueqiang-11">[11]</a></sup> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development and Reform Commission</a> (NDRC) published guidelines and made a distinction from a similar concept "<a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">都市圈</span></span>), which is of a smaller <a href="/wiki/Scale_(geography)" title="Scale (geography)">scale</a> than a city cluster.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> In the latest standard terminologies of both economics<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> and urban planning,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">城市群</span></span> is translated as "city cluster", replacing "agglomeration". <a href="/wiki/Megalopolises_in_China" title="Megalopolises in China">Megalopolises in China</a> have become the subject of national government planning.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_megalopolises">List of megalopolises</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalopolis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of megalopolises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_megalopolises" title="List of megalopolises">List of megalopolises</a></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalopolis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Judge_Dredd">Judge Dredd</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalopolis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Judge Dredd"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Judge_Dredd" title="Judge Dredd">Judge Dredd</a></i> (1977) comic book series and its spinoff series, <a href="/wiki/Mega-City_One" title="Mega-City One">Mega-City One</a> is a huge fictional megalopolis-size <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> covering much of what is now the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern United States</a> and some of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. The exact geography of the city depends on which writer and artist has done which story, but from its first appearance it has been associated with <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>; originally it was presented as a future New York, which was <a href="/wiki/Retcon" class="mw-redirect" title="Retcon">retconned</a> as the centre of a "Mega-City One" in the very next story.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Architects%27_Journal" title="Architects' Journal">Architects' Journal</a></i> placed it at No. 1 in their list of "comic book cities".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sprawl_trilogy">Sprawl trilogy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalopolis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sprawl trilogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sprawl_trilogy" title="Sprawl trilogy">Sprawl trilogy</a>, "the Sprawl" is a colloquial name for the "<a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>-<a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> Metropolitan Axis" (BAMA), an <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> environment on a massive scale, and a fictional extension of the real <a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a>. The Sprawl is a visualization of a future where virtually the entire East Coast of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, from Boston to Atlanta, has melded into a single mass of <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> It has been enclosed in several <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">geodesic domes</a> and merged into one <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacity</a>. The city has become a separate world with its own climate, no real night/day cycle, and an artificial sky that is always grey.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalopolis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHagler,_Yoav2009" class="citation web cs1">Hagler, Yoav (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/rpa-org/pdfs/2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf">"Defining U.S. Megaregions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/America_2050" class="mw-redirect" title="America 2050">America 2050</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2022</span> – via RPA.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America+2050&rft.atitle=Defining+U.S.+Megaregions&rft.date=2009-11&rft.au=Hagler%2C+Yoav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com%2Frpa-org%2Fpdfs%2F2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalopolis" class="Z3988"></span> This work, while dated, is from Associate Planner Yoav Hagler of <a href="/wiki/America_2050" class="mw-redirect" title="America 2050">America 2050</a>, and while not used as a source in this article, is one of the most focused articles available on the American aspects of the title subject. It includes history, methodology, and statistical and other criteria sections, and identifies the U.S. megaregions as of its publication date.</li></ul>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAmerica_2050_Staff2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/America_2050" class="mw-redirect" title="America 2050">America 2050</a> Staff (February 19, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516142109/http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html">"Megaregions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/America_2050" class="mw-redirect" title="America 2050">America 2050</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(homepage)</span> on May 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2022</span> – via RPA.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America+2050&rft.atitle=Megaregions&rft.date=2022-02-19&rft.au=America+2050+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.america2050.org%2Fmegaregions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalopolis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span> Starting point for access to articles from the <a href="/wiki/America_2050" class="mw-redirect" title="America 2050">America 2050</a> effort, while it was active. Note, an earlier cited article by Matt Taylor, on urban transit issues, appears among the works linked at this home page.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalopolis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">Conurbation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenopolis" title="Ecumenopolis">Ecumenopolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ekistics" title="Ekistics">Ekistics</a></li>
<li>Settlement types:
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">Hamlet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">Village</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Town</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia" title="Classification of inhabited localities in Russia">Classification of inhabited localities in Russia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merger_(politics)" title="Merger (politics)">Merger (politics)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transborder_agglomeration" title="Transborder agglomeration">Transborder agglomeration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban area</a></li>
<li>Developed environments:
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exurb" title="Exurb">Exurban</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">Rural</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">Suburban</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalopolis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Fielder76-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fielder76_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFielder,_W._&_Feeney,_Georgiana1976" class="citation book cs1">Fielder, W. & Feeney, Georgiana (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk7CYxsb8jcC"><i>Inquiring about Cities</i></a>. New York, N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston (Georg Von Holtzbrinck/Holt). pp. 193, 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780030897849" title="Special:BookSources/9780030897849"><bdi>9780030897849</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquiring+about+Cities&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=193%2C+299&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston+%28Georg+Von+Holtzbrinck%2FHolt%29&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780030897849&rft.au=Fielder%2C+W.+%26+Feeney%2C+Georgiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVk7CYxsb8jcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalopolis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hagler2009America2050-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hagler2009America2050_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hagler2009America2050_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hagler2009America2050_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hagler2009America2050_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hagler2009America2050_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHagler,_Yoav2009" class="citation web cs1">Hagler, Yoav (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/rpa-org/pdfs/2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf">"Defining U.S. Megaregions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/America_2050" class="mw-redirect" title="America 2050">America 2050</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2022</span> – via RPA.org. <q>As metropolitan regions continued to expand throughout the second half of the 20th century their boundaries began to blur, creating a new scale of geography now known as the megaregion. Interlocking economic systems, shared natural resources and ecosystems, and common transportation systems link these... The challenge of identifying... emerging regions has been undertaken... The most recent iteration... has been developed by Regional Plan Association (RPA) in partnership with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Eleven such megaregions have been identified... that would make cooperative integrated planning advantageous... Th[e] tradition of geographers and planners attempting to enhance the value of geographic definitions to meet the needs of new generations continued with the first identification of a scale larger than the metro regions by French geographer Jean Gottmann in his 1961 book <i>Megalopolis</i>. This "Megalopolis" referred specifically to the Northeastern United States ... Regional Plan Association also identified this emerging Northeast Megaregion in the 1960s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America+2050&rft.atitle=Defining+U.S.+Megaregions&rft.date=2009-11&rft.au=Hagler%2C+Yoav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com%2Frpa-org%2Fpdfs%2F2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCaves,_R.W.2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R.W. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the City</i>. Abingdon-on-Thames: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Informa" title="Informa">Informa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415252256" title="Special:BookSources/9780415252256"><bdi>9780415252256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=Routledge+%28Informa%2FTaylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415252256&rft.au=Caves%2C+R.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bnet-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bnet_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bnet_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612093053/http://www.bnet.com/2403-13070_23-192951.html">"Who's Your City?: What Is a Megaregion?"</a>. March 19, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnet.com/2403-13070_23-192951.html">the original</a> on June 12, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Your+City%3F%3A+What+Is+a+Megaregion%3F&rft.date=2008-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnet.com%2F2403-13070_23-192951.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGottmann1989" class="citation book cs1">Gottmann, Jean (1989). <i>Since Megalopolis. The Urban Writings of Jean Gottmann</i>. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Since+Megalopolis.+The+Urban+Writings+of+Jean+Gottmann&rft.place=Baltimore+and+London&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Gottmann&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Doxiodis-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doxiodis_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doxiodis_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827193412/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842940,00.html">"Cities: Capital for the New Megalopolis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. November 4, 1966. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842940,00.html">the original</a> on August 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Cities%3A+Capital+for+the+New+Megalopolis&rft.date=1966-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C842940%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006060844/http://www.america2050.org/about.html">"About Us"</a>. America 2050. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.america2050.org/about.html">the original</a> on October 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=America+2050&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.america2050.org%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327033216/http://www.mi.vt.edu/uploads/megacensusreport.pdf">"Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America's New "Megapolitan" Geography"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. July 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mi.vt.edu/uploads/megacensusreport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beyond+Megalopolis%3A+Exploring+America%27s+New+%22Megapolitan%22+Geography&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mi.vt.edu%2Fuploads%2Fmegacensusreport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP171/Readings2/Megapolitans.pdf">"America 2040: The Rise of the Megapolitans"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724065051/http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP171/Readings2/Megapolitans.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America+2040%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Megapolitans&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.des.ucdavis.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fhandy%2FESP171%2FReadings2%2FMegapolitans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTremble2007" class="citation web cs1">Tremble, Sam (May 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707005527/http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2007/05/31/fumbling-toward-portland">"Fumbling Toward Portland"</a>. <i>Philadelphia City Paper</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2007/05/31/fumbling-toward-portland">the original</a> on July 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+City+Paper&rft.atitle=Fumbling+Toward+Portland&rft.date=2007-05-30&rft.aulast=Tremble&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypaper.net%2Farticles%2F2007%2F05%2F31%2Ffumbling-toward-portland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-XU_Xueqiang-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-XU_Xueqiang_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-XU_Xueqiang_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREF许学强_(XU_Xueqiang)_周一星_(ZHOU_Yixing)_宁越敏(NING_Yuemin)2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">许学强 (XU Xueqiang) 周一星 (ZHOU Yixing) 宁越敏(NING Yuemin) (2009). <i>城市地理学</i> [<i>Urban Geography</i>] (in Chinese (China)) (第二版 (2nd ed.) ed.). 高等教育出版社. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-04-025539-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-04-025539-3"><bdi>978-7-04-025539-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.pages=27-28&rft.edition=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%89%88+%282nd+ed.%29&rft.pub=%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-7-04-025539-3&rft.au=%E8%AE%B8%E5%AD%A6%E5%BC%BA+%28XU+Xueqiang%29+%E5%91%A8%E4%B8%80%E6%98%9F+%28ZHOU+Yixing%29+%E5%AE%81%E8%B6%8A%E6%95%8F%28NING+Yuemin%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Standard for basic terminology of urban planning (<a href="/wiki/Guobiao_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Guobiao standards">GB</a>/T 50280—98)</i>, 1998. "2.0.8 城市群 agglomeration 一定地域内城市分布较为密集的地区。"</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/201902/t20190221_962397.html">"国家发展改革委关于培育发展现代化都市圈的指导意见"</a> [Guidelines on the Cultivation and Development of Modern Metropolitan Areas] (in Chinese (China)). <a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development and Reform Commission</a>. February 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%A7%94%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%9F%B9%E8%82%B2%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%96%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%88%E7%9A%84%E6%8C%87%E5%AF%BC%E6%84%8F%E8%A7%81&rft.pub=National+Development+and+Reform+Commission&rft.date=2019-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndrc.gov.cn%2Fxxgk%2Fzcfb%2Ftz%2F201902%2Ft20190221_962397.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termonline.cn/word/1275259265472282635/1#s1">"城市群"</a> [city cluster]. Termonline. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%BE%A4&rft.pub=Termonline&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.termonline.cn%2Fword%2F1275259265472282635%2F1%23s1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termonline.cn/word/1401822220099047427/1#s1">"城市群"</a> [city cluster]. Termonline. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%BE%A4&rft.pub=Termonline&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.termonline.cn%2Fword%2F1401822220099047427%2F1%23s1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>2000 AD</i> No. 2 and 3</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/critics/top-10-comic-book-cities-1-mega-city-one/5204830.article">Top 10 comic book cities: #1 Mega City One</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Architects%27_Journal" title="Architects' Journal">Architects' Journal</a></i>, July 8, 2009</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoff1990" class="citation news cs1">Markoff, John (November 25, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7D8133FF936A15752C1A966958260">"Ideas & Trends; Art Invents A Jarring New World From Technology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ideas+%26+Trends%3B+Art+Invents+A+Jarring+New+World+From+Technology&rft.date=1990-11-25&rft.aulast=Markoff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C0CE7D8133FF936A15752C1A966958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalopolis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217611005">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/megalopolis" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:megalopolis">megalopolis</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005WUP_DataTables11.pdf">"World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 revision"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Urbanization+Prospects%3A+The+2005+revision&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2FWUP2005%2F2005WUP_DataTables11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalopolis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities" title="Template:Cities"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities" title="Template talk:Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">Urban geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/City_centre" title="City centre">City centre</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downtown" title="Downtown">Downtown</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">Suburb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exurb" title="Exurb">Exurb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Core_city" title="Core city">Core city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twin_cities" title="Twin cities">Twin cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_city" title="Satellite city">Satellite city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edge_city" title="Edge city">Edge city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">Commuter town</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">City proper</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_limits" title="City limits">limits</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">Conurbation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Megalopolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of cities with the most skyscrapers">Cities with the most skyscrapers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">Suburbanization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shrinking_city" title="Shrinking city">Shrinking cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_village" title="Abandoned village">Abandoned village</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city" title="Lost city">Lost city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tent_city" title="Tent city">Tent city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/College_town" title="College town">College town</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Urban government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_status" title="City status">City status</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipality" title="Direct-controlled municipality">direct-controlled</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">Independent city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_city" title="Autonomous city">Autonomous city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">World's cities by GDP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">Central business district</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_cities_for_expatriate_employees" title="List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees">Most expensive cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheapest_cities" title="List of cheapest cities">Cheapest cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Most_livable_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Most livable cities">Most livable cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">Ghetto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_ruins" title="Modern ruins">Modern ruins</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">Shanty town</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skid_row" title="Skid row">Skid row</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">Slum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">Urban renewal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_bond" title="Municipal bond">Municipal bond</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_III" title="Habitat III">Habitat III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture" title="Peri-urban agriculture">Peri-urban agriculture</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History of urban planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories of urban planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technical_aspects_of_urban_planning" title="Technical aspects of urban planning">Technical aspects of urban planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">Urban planners</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_open_space" title="Public open space">Public open space</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Green</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_wild" title="Urban wild">Urban wild</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">Grid plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_zone_model" title="Concentric zone model">Concentric zone model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sector_model" title="Sector model">Sector model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_nuclei_model" title="Multiple nuclei model">Multiple nuclei model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_settlement" title="Linear settlement">Linear settlement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_city" title="Smart city">Smart city</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Urban population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">World's largest cities</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_throughout_history" title="List of largest cities throughout history">throughout history</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population_density" title="List of cities proper by population density">Most densely populated cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals_by_population" title="List of national capitals by population">Most populous national capitals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satellite_cities_by_population" title="List of satellite cities by population">Most populous satellite cities</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">Urbanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_studies" title="Urban studies">Urban studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_morphology" title="Urban morphology">Urban morphology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">Urban culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban sociology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-urbanism" title="Anti-urbanism">Anti-urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_exploration" title="Urban exploration">Urban exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_homesteading" title="Urban homesteading">Urban homesteading</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_urbanism" title="Unitary urbanism">Unitary urbanism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Climate change</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Green_urbanism" title="Green urbanism">Green urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urbanism" title="Sustainable urbanism">Sustainable urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_11" title="Sustainable Development Goal 11">Sustainable Development Goal 11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Urban_planning" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urban_Planning" title="Template:Urban Planning"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urban_Planning" title="Template talk:Urban Planning"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urban_Planning" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urban Planning"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Urban_planning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_urban_planning_articles" title="Index of urban planning articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_urban_planning" title="Outline of urban planning">Outline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">Suburb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">Planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Planning_and_zoning_commission" title="Planning and zoning commission">Planning and zoning commission</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Growth_management" title="Growth management">Growth management</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Urbanism_Day" title="World Urbanism Day">World Urbanism Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_area" title="Labor market area">Labor market area</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_planning" title="Comprehensive planning">Comprehensive planning</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History of urban planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">Spatial planning</a> (Eur)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Urban green space</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">Urbanism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Rural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_development" title="Conservation development">Conservation development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_development" title="Preservation development">Preservation development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rural_housing" title="Rural housing">Rural housing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Village_design_statement" title="Village design statement">Village design statement</a> (UK)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Planning_Association_of_America" title="Regional Planning Association of America">Regional Planning Association of America</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_resource_planning" title="Recreation resource planning">Recreation resource planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_forecasting" title="Transportation forecasting">Transportation forecasting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trip_distribution" title="Trip distribution">Trip distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rational_planning_model" title="Rational planning model">Rational planning model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Professional_transportation_planner" title="Professional transportation planner">Professional transportation planner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_freight_distribution" title="Urban freight distribution">Urban freight distribution</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_economic_development" title="Community economic development">Community economic development</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts/ <br />theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Charter" title="Athens Charter">Athens Charter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement" title="City Beautiful movement">City Beautiful movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dark-sky_movement" title="Dark-sky movement">Dark-sky movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_planning" title="Indigenous planning">Indigenous planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">Settlement movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transition_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition towns">Transition towns</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative planning">Collaborative planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ekistics" title="Ekistics">Ekistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Intelligent urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Livable_streets" class="mw-redirect" title="Livable streets">Livable streets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Market_urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market urbanism">Market urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Radical_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical planning">Radical planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">Urban renewal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_by_type" title="Category:Cities by type">Cities by type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a> / <a href="/wiki/Monotown" title="Monotown">Monotown</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">Commuter town</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a> (New town)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_village" title="Urban village">Urban village</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">Affordable housing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">Cityscape</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_development" title="Cluster development">Cluster development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Complete_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete Communities">Complete Communities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Creative_city" title="Creative city">Creative city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Filtering_(housing)" title="Filtering (housing)">Filtering (housing)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brusselization" title="Brusselization">Brusselization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Infill" title="Infill">Infill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_city" title="Healthy city">Healthy cities</a> / <a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LEED-ND" class="mw-redirect" title="LEED-ND">LEED-ND</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leapfrog_development" title="Leapfrog development">Leapfrog development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(spatial_and_transport_planning)" title="Permeability (spatial and transport planning)">Permeability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Placemaking" title="Placemaking">Placemaking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Planning_gain" title="Planning gain">Planning gain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Permission" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Permission">Planning Permission</a> (U.K.)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Rural flight</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_use" title="Temporary use">Temporary use</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Third_place" title="Third place">Third place</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transferable_development_rights" title="Transferable development rights">Transferable development rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_growth_boundary" title="Urban growth boundary">Urban growth boundary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peri-urbanisation" title="Peri-urbanisation">Peri-urbanisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_vitality" title="Urban vitality">Urban vitality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Verticalization" title="Verticalization">Verticalization</a> / <a href="/wiki/High-rise" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise">High-rise urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">Theorists/<br />practitioners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Duany" title="Andrés Duany">Andrés Duany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Perry" title="Clarence Perry">Clarence Perry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Stein" title="Clarence Stein">Clarence Stein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Buchanan_(town_planner)" title="Colin Buchanan (town planner)">Colin Buchanan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Appleyard" title="Donald Appleyard">Donald Appleyard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bacon_(architect)" title="Edmund Bacon (architect)">Edmund Bacon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Benveniste" title="Guy Benveniste">Guy Benveniste</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg">Ian McHarg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Rouse" title="James Rouse">James Rouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Apostolos_Doxiadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis">Konstantinos Doxiadis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_A._Lynch" title="Kevin A. Lynch">Kevin A. Lynch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lees" title="Loretta Lees">Loretta Lees</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Calthorpe" title="Peter Calthorpe">Peter Calthorpe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Unwin" title="Raymond Unwin">Raymond Unwin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Adams_(architect)" title="Thomas Adams (architect)">Thomas Adams</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_theorists" title="List of urban theorists">List of urban theorists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_planners" title="List of urban planners">List of urban planners</a></li></ul>
<ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farrelly" title="Elizabeth Farrelly">Elizabeth Farrelly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Howard_Kunstler" title="James Howard Kunstler">James Howard Kunstler</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Randal_O%27Toole" title="Randal O'Toole">Randal O'Toole</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_education" title="Urban planning education">Planning education</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Accreditation_Board" title="Planning Accreditation Board">Planning Accreditation Board</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_real_estate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate real estate education">Real estate education</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_planning_institutes" title="Category:Professional planning institutes">Professional organizations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Australia" title="Urban planning in Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_China" title="Urban planning in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Urban planning in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning_in_Serbia" title="Spatial planning in Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Singapore" title="Urban planning in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Town_and_country_planning_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Town and country planning in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Barcelona" title="Urban planning of Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Shanghai" title="Urban planning of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Sydney" title="Urban planning of Sydney">Sydney</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Africa" title="Urban planning in Africa">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_communist_countries" title="Urban planning in communist countries">Communist countries</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Urban planning in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_spatial_planning" title="Marine spatial planning">Marine spatial planning </a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">Social sciences</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></b></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Urban_planning" title="Category:Urban planning">Category</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">List of planned cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planning_journals" title="List of planning journals">List of planning journals</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Urban_planning" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Urban planning"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_largest_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_largest_cities" title="Template:World's largest cities"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_largest_cities" title="Template talk:World's largest cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_largest_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's largest cities"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_largest_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">World's largest cities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">City proper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals_by_population" title="List of national capitals by population">Capitals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Africa_by_population" title="List of cities in Africa by population">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Largest_cities_in_the_Americas" title="Largest cities in the Americas">Americas</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_cities_by_population" title="List of North American cities by population">North</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_cities_by_population" title="List of Latin American cities by population">Latin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Central_America" title="List of largest cities in Central America">Central</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_America" title="List of cities in South America">South</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cities_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of Asian cities by population within city limits">Asia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_Arab_world" title="List of largest cities in the Arab world">Arab world</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabian_cities_by_population" title="List of Arabian cities by population">Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ASEAN_by_population" title="List of cities in ASEAN by population">ASEAN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_East,_South_and_Southeast_Asia_by_population" title="List of cities in East, South and Southeast Asia by population">East, South and Southeast Asia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cities_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of European cities by population within city limits">Europe</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Baltic_states_by_population" title="List of cities in the Baltic states by population">Baltic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits">European Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_populous_municipalities_in_the_Nordic_countries" title="List of the most populous municipalities in the Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas" title="List of metropolitan areas in the Americas">Americas</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_metropolitan_areas_by_population" title="List of North American metropolitan areas by population">North</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_metropolitan_areas_by_population" title="List of South American metropolitan areas by population">South</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_West_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan areas in the West Indies">West Indies</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone#List_of_larger_urban_zones" title="Larger urban zone">European Union</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Asia" title="List of metropolitan areas in Asia">Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan areas in Africa">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Middle East</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Oceania_by_population" title="List of metropolitan areas in Oceania by population">Oceania</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban area</a>/<a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">agglomeration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_agglomerations_in_Asia" title="List of urban agglomerations in Asia">Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_agglomerations_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban agglomerations in Africa">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Europe" title="List of urban areas in Europe">Europe</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_European_Union" title="List of urban areas in the European Union">European Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_Nordic_countries" title="List of urban areas in the Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_urban_agglomerations_in_North_America" title="List of the largest urban agglomerations in North America">North America</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Oceania_by_population" title="List of cities in Oceania by population">Oceania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transborder_agglomeration" title="Transborder agglomeration">Transborder</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_throughout_history" title="List of largest cities throughout history">World</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_European_cities_in_history" title="List of largest European cities in history">Europe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenopolis" title="Ecumenopolis">Ecumenopolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Megalopolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">Conurbation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_city" title="Satellite city">Satellite city</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satellite_cities_by_population" title="List of satellite cities by population">population</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Primate_city" title="Primate city">Primate city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_city" title="Secondary city">Secondary city</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/16px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/24px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/32px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></b> •  <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1714506300' |
